Gigantic Wave of Star-Forming Gas Is Largest Known Structure of Its Kind in Milky Way.
Astronomers at Harvard University have discovered a monolithic, wave-shaped gaseous structure ā the largest ever seen in our galaxy ā made up of interconnected stellar nurseries. Dubbed the āRadcliffe Waveā in honor of the collaborationās home base, the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, the discovery transforms a 150-year-old vision of nearby stellar nurseries as an expanding ring into one featuring an undulating, star-forming filament that reaches trillions of miles above and below the galactic disk.
The work, published in Nature, was enabled by a new analysis of data from the European Space Agencyās Gaia spacecraft, launched in 2013 with the mission of precisely measuring the position, distance, and motion of the stars. The research teamās innovative approach combined the super-accurate data from Gaia with other measurements to construct a detailed, 3D map of interstellar matter in the Milky Way, and noticed an unexpected pattern in the spiral arm closest to Earth.
The researchers discovered a long, thin structure, about 9,000 light-years long and 400 light-years wide, with a wave-like shape, cresting 500 light-years above and below the mid-plane of our galaxyās disk. The Wave includes many of the stellar nurseries that were thought to form part of āGouldās Belt,ā a band of star-forming regions believed to be oriented in a ring around the sun.
āNo astronomer expected that we live next to a giant, wave-like collection of gas ā or that it forms the local arm of the Milky Way,ā said Alyssa Goodman, the Robert Wheeler Willson Professor of Applied Astronomy, research associate at the Smithsonian Institution, and co-director of the Science Program at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. āWe were completely shocked when we first realized how long and straight the Radcliffe Wave is, looking down on it from above in 3D ā but how sinusoidal it is when viewed from Earth. The Waveās very existence is forcing us to rethink our understanding of the Milky Wayās 3D structure.ā
āGould and Herschel both observed bright stars forming in an arc projected on the sky, so for a long time, people have been trying to figure out if these molecular clouds actually form a ring in 3D,ā said JoĆ£o Alves, a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Vienna and 2018ā2019 Radcliffe Fellow. āInstead, what weāve observed is the largest coherent gas structure we know of in the galaxy, organized not in a ring but in a massive, undulating filament. The sun lies only 500 light-years from the Wave at its closest point. Itās been right in front of our eyes all the time, but we couldnāt see it until now.ā
The new, 3D map shows our galactic neighborhood in a new light, giving researchers a revised view of the Milky Way and opening the door to other major discoveries.
āWe donāt know what causes this shape, but it could be like a ripple in a pond, as if something extraordinarily massive landed in our galaxy,ā said Alves. āWhat we do know is that our sun interacts with this structure. It passed by a festival of supernovae as it crossed Orion 13 million years ago, and in another 13 million years it will cross the structure again, sort of like we are āsurfing the wave.āā
Disentangling structures in the ādustyā galactic neighborhood within which we sit is a longstanding challenge in astronomy. In earlier studies, the research group of Douglas Finkbeiner, professor of astronomy and physics at Harvard, pioneered advanced statistical techniques to map the 3D distribution of dust using vast surveys of starsā colors. Armed with new data from Gaia, Harvard graduate students Catherine Zucker and Joshua Speagle recently augmented these techniques, dramatically improving astronomersā ability to measure distances to star-forming regions. That work, led by Zucker, is published in the Astrophysical Journal.
āWe suspected there might be larger structures that we just couldnāt put in context. So, to create an accurate map of our solar neighborhood, we combined observations from space telescopes like Gaia with astrostatistics, data visualization, and numerical simulations,ā explained Zucker, a National Science Foundation graduate fellow and a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Astronomy at Harvardās Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.
Zucker played a key role in compiling the largest-ever catalog of accurate distances to local stellar nurseries ā the basis for the 3D map used in the study. She has set herself the goal of painting a new picture of the Milky Way, near and far.
āWe pulled this team together so we could go beyond processing and tabulating the data to actively visualizing it ā not just for ourselves but for everyone. Now, we can literally see the Milky Way with new eyes,ā she said.
āStudying stellar births is complicated by imperfect data. We risk getting the details wrong, because if youāre confused about distance, youāre confused about size,ā said Finkbeiner.
Goodman agreed, āAll of the stars in the universe, including our sun, are formed in dynamic, collapsing, clouds of gas and dust. But determining how much mass the clouds have, how large they are, has been difficult, because these properties depend on how far away the cloud is.ā
According to Goodman, scientists have been studying dense clouds of gas and dust between the stars for more than 100 years, zooming in on these regions with ever-higher resolution. Before Gaia, there was no data set expansive enough to reveal the galaxyās structure on large scales. Since its launch in 2013, the space observatory has enabled measurements of the distances to one billion stars in the Milky Way.